Batch
-
Batch – Batch processing; Batch file — Batch file;
-
DOS batch processing;
-
It is interpreted and executed by DOS or Windows built-in command interpreter (for example, cmd.exe).
-
Similar to Unix shell scripts;
-
In batch processing, you can not only use the commands provided by the system itself, but also use tools or software provided by the installed third party.
-
In general, each command consists of one line. Of course can also be multiple orders with a specific symbol (&& and | | |) after separating wrote the same line;
-
When the system explains how to run a batch program, it scans the entire batch program first, and then executes all commands from the first line of code down to the end of the program or exit command or an error.
Basic batch command
- echo
- rem
- pause
- call
- start
- goto
- set
Link: Summary of common Batch Commands – An introduction to batch commands
An introduction to common symbols used in batch processing
- Echo shielding
@ - Redirect 1
>与>> - Redirect 2
< - Pipe symbol
| - Escape character
^ - Logical command character
&&&||
Link: Summary of common batch commands – An introduction to batch symbols
Basic DOS commands
File system Operations
- vol
- lable
Folder management
- cd
- md/mkdir
- rd/rmdir
- dir
- tree
- path
- xcopy
File management
- type
- copy
- del/erase
- move
- ren/rename
- replace
- attrib
- find
- fc
Network related
- ping
- ftp
- net
- telnet
- ipconfig
- msg
- arp
System management
- at
- shutdown
- tskill
- taskkill
- tasklist
- sc
- reg
- powercfg
Other commands
- cls
- assoc
- ftype
For all of the commands listed above, enter the command +/? You can view the help information about the command. Such as find /?
Windows Batch Common commands and examples
-
1 the echo and @ -
The echo command -
# Disable single-line echo -
Echo off # Turn off the echo from the next line -
Echo off # Turn off the echo from this line. This is the first row in a batch -
Echo on # opens the echo from the next line -
Echo # Displays whether the current state is Echo OFF or Echo on -
Echo. # prints a "enter newline", a blank line -
# (with echo, echo; echo+ echo[ echo] echo/ echo) -
2 errorlevel -
echo %errorlevel% -
At the end of each command, you can use this command line format to view the return code -
The default value is 0. Errorlevel is set to 1 when the command execution fails -
3 dir -
Show folder contents -
Dir # displays files and subdirectories in the current directory -
Dir /a # Displays files and subdirectories in the current directory, including hidden files and system files -
Dir c: /a:d # Displays the directories in the current directory of drive C -
Dir c: /a:-d # Displays the files in the root directory of drive C -
Dir c: /b/p #/b -
Dir *.exe /s # displays all. Exe files in the current directory and subdirectories -
4 cd -
Switch directory -
CD # Go to root directory -
CD # displays the current directory -
CD /d d: SDK # Can change drive letter and directory at the same time -
5 md -
Create a directory -
Md d: ABC # If d:a does not exist, the intermediate directory will be created automatically -
If the command extension is disabled, type mkdir ABC. -
6 rd -
Delete the directory -
Rd ABC # delete the ABC subdirectory in the current directory -
Rd /s/q d:temp # Delete d:temp folder and its subfolders and files, /q quiet mode -
7 del -
Delete the file -
Del d:test.txt # Delete the specified file -
del /q/a/f d:temp*.* -
Delete all files in the d:temp folder, including hidden, read-only, and system files, excluding subdirectories -
del /q/a/f/s d:temp*.* -
Delete all files in d:temp and subfolders, including hidden, read-only, and system files, excluding subdirectories -
8 ren -
Rename command -
Ren D: Temp TMP # Supports folder renaming -
9 cls -
Clear the screen -
10 type -
Display file contents -
Type c:boot.ini # Displays the contents of the specified file -
Type *.txt # Displays the contents of all.txt files in the current directory -
11 copy -
Copy files -
copy c:test.txt d:test.bak -
Copy the c:test. TXT file to d: and rename it test.bak -
copy con test.txt -
Wait for input from the screen, press Ctrl+Z to finish typing, and save the input as test.txt -
Con for screen, PRN for printer, nuL for empty device -
copy 1.txt + 2.txt 3.txt -
TXT and 2. TXT and save them as 3. TXT files -
TXT is saved to 1.txt if 3. TXT is not specified -
copy test.txt + -
Copying a file to yourself actually changes the date of the file -
12 title -
Sets the title of the CMD window -
You can see that the title bar of the CMD window has changed -
13 ver -
Display system Version -
14 label and vol -
Set the volume label -
Vol # Displays volume label -
Label # displays the volume label and prompts for a new volume label -
Label C :system # Set the volume label of drive C to system -
15 pause -
Suspension order -
16 and rem... -
Annotation commands -
Comment lines do not perform operations -
The date and time -
Date and time -
Date # displays the current date and prompts for a new date. Press enter to skip typing -
Date /t # Displays only the current date and does not prompt for a new date -
Time # Displays the current time and prompts you to enter a new time. Press enter to skip input -
Time /t # Displays only the current time and does not prompt you to enter a new time -
18 goto and: -
A jump command -
:label # Indicates that the line is a label line and no operation is performed on the label line -
Goto label # Jumps to the specified label line -
19 find (External command) -
To find the command -
find "abc" c:test.txt -
Look for the ABC string in c:test. TXT -
If the errorLevel return code is not found, the errorLevel return code is set to 1 -
The find/I "ABC" c: test. TXT -
Find the line containing ABC, ignoring case -
find /c "abc" c:test.txt -
Displays the number of rows containing ABC -
20 More (External Command) -
Each screen -
More c:test. TXT # display the contents of c:test. TXT file screen by screen -
21 tree -
Display directory structure -
Tree D: # Displays the file directory structure of drive D -
22 & -
Execute multiple commands sequentially, regardless of whether the commands are successfully executed -
23 && -
Run multiple commands in sequence. If a command fails to be executed, subsequent commands are not executed -
Find "ok" c:test.txt && echo successful -
If the word "OK" is found, "success" is displayed, if not, it is not displayed -
24 | | -
Run multiple commands in sequence. If a correct command is executed, subsequent commands are not executed -
Find "ok" c: test. TXT | | echo is not successful -
If the word "OK" is not found, it is displayed as "unsuccessful", and if it is found, it is not displayed -
25 | -
piping -
dir *.* /s/a | find /c ".exe" -
The pipe command indicates that the dir command is executed and the find command is executed on the output -
The command line result: output the number of. Exe files in the current folder and all subfolders -
type c:test.txt|more -
This has the same effect as more C :test.txt -
26 > and > > -
Output the redirection command -
> Clear the original contents of the file before writing -
>> Appends content to the end of the file without erasing the original content -
Outputs the content that would have been displayed on the screen to a specified file -
Specifies that the file is automatically generated if it does not exist -
type c:test.txt >prn -
Instead of displaying the contents of the file on the screen, switch to output to the printer -
echo hello world>con -
Display Hello World on the screen, with virtually all output defaulting to >con -
copy c:test.txt f: >nul -
Copy the file, and do not display "file copy success" message, but if disk F does not exist, will still display an error message -
copy c:test.txt f: >nul 2>nul -
The file replication success message is not displayed. If disk F does not exist, no error message is displayed -
echo ^^W ^> ^W>c:test.txt -
The generated file content is ^W > W -
^ and > are control commands that must be preceded by a ^ sign to output them to a file -
27" -
Get input from a file, not from the screen -
This command is used to wait for input, such as date time label -
@echo off -
echo 2005-05-01>temp.txt -
date <temp.txt -
del temp.txt -
This allows you to change the current date without waiting for input -
28 %0 %1 %2 %3 %4 %5 %6 %7 %8 %9 %* -
Arguments passed from the command line to the batch -
%0 Batch the file itself -
%1 the first argument -
%9 The ninth parameter -
%* All arguments starting with the first argument -
Substitution of the batch parameter (%n) has been enhanced. You can use the following syntax: -
%~1 - Delete quotes (") to expand %1 -
%~f1 - Expands %1 to a fully qualified pathname -
%~d1 - Just expand %1 to a drive letter -
%~p1 - expand %1 to a path only -
%~n1 - Just expand %1 to a filename -
%~x1 - Just expand %1 to a file extension -
%~s1 - The expanded path contains a short name -
%~a1 - Extends %1 to file attributes -
%~t1 - expands %1 to the date/time of the file -
%~z1 - Expands %1 to the size of the file -
%~$PATH: 1 - Find the column in the directory of the PATH environment variable and place %1 -
Expand to the first fully qualified name found. If the environment -
The variable name is not defined, or the file is not found -
Expand to an empty string -
Multiple results can be obtained by combining modifiers: -
%~dp1 - extends %1 to drive letters and paths only -
%~nx1 - only extend %1 to filename and extension -
%~dp$PATH:1 - Find %1 in the directory listed in the PATH environment variable, -
And extends to the drive letter and path of the first file found. -
%~ftza1 - extends %1 to a DIR like output line. -
See call/? Or for /? See what each parameter means -
echo load "%%1" "%%2">c:test.txt -
Load "%1" "%2" -
In a batch file, use this format to print command line arguments to the file -
29 if -
Judge ordered -
If "%1"=="/a" echo -
If/I "%1" equ "/a" echo -
/ I is case insensitive, and equ is the same as ==. For other operators, see if/? -
If exist C :test.bat echo The c:test.bat file exists -
if not exist c:windows ( -
The c: Windows folder does not exist -
) -
if exist c:test.bat ( -
Echo is c: test. Bat -
) else ( -
Echo c:test.bat does not exist -
) -
Setlocal and endlocal 30 -
Set command extension and Delay Environment Variable Expansion -
SETLOCAL ENABLEEXTENSIONS # enable command extensions -
SETLOCAL DISABLEEXTENSIONS # disable command extensions -
SETLOCAL ENABLEDELAYEDEXPANSION -
SETLOCAL DISABLEDELAYEDEXPANSION # disable "delay environment variable expansion" -
ENDLOCAL # restore the state before using the SETLOCAL statement -
Command Extension is enabled by default -
Delay environment variable scaling is disabled by default -
The system automatically restores the default value after the batch processing ends -
You can modify the registry to disable "command extensions". See CMD /? . So the program that uses the "command extension" -
It is recommended to add SETLOCAL ENABLEEXTENSIONS and ENDLOCAL statements at the beginning and end to ensure that -
Ensure that the program runs correctly on other systems -
"Delay environment variable expansion" is mainly used for if and for conformance statements. There are actual use routines in the description of set -
31 set -
Set a variable -
Reference variables can be preceded by %, that is, % variable name % -
Set # Displays all currently available variables, including system variables and custom variables -
Echo %SystemDrive% # displays the SystemDrive letter. System variables can be referenced directly -
Set p # display all variables starting with p, if none, set errorLevel =1 -
Set p= aa1bb1AA2bb2 # Set the variable p and assign it to the string following =, that is, aa1bb1AA2bb2 -
Echo %p% # displays the string represented by the variable p, aa1bb1AA2bb2 -
Echo %p:~6% # displays all characters after the 6th character in the variable p, that is, aa2bb2 -
Echo %p:~6,3% # displays three characters after the sixth character, that is, aa2 -
Echo %p:~0,3% # Displays the first three characters, that is, aa1 -
Echo %p:~-2% # Displays the last two characters, b2 -
Echo %p:~0,-2% # displays all but the last two characters, that is, aa1bb1AA2b -
Echo %p:aa=c% # echo %p:aa=c% # -
Echo %p:aa=% # Replace all aa strings in p with null, that is, display 1bb12bb2 -
Echo %p:*bb=c% # echo %p:*bb=c% # -
Set p=%p:*bb=c% # set p=%p:*bb=c%, c1aa2bb2 -
Set p=39 # set p to 39 -
Set /a p=39/10, p=3 -
Set /a p=p/10 # set /a p=p/10 # -
Set /a p= "1&0" # "and". For other supported operators, see set/? -
Set p= # cancel the p variable -
Set /p p= Enter a value -
The screen displays "Please enter" and assigns the input string to the variable P -
Note that this can be used instead of the choice command -
Note that variables are replaced all at once in the if and for compound statements, as in -
@echo off -
set p=aaa -
if %p%==aaa ( -
echo %p% -
set p=bbb -
echo %p% -
) -
The result will show -
aaa -
aaa -
Because all %p% is replaced with AAA when the if statement is read -
The "replace" here, in /? Help refers to "expand", "environment variable expansion" -
You can enable "Delay environment variable scaling" with! To reference the variable, that is! The variable name! -
@echo off -
SETLOCAL ENABLEDELAYEDEXPANSION -
set p=aaa -
if %p%==aaa ( -
echo %p% -
set p=bbb -
echo ! p! -
) -
ENDLOCAL -
The result will show -
aaa -
bbb -
There are also several dynamic variables that you can't see when you run set -
%CD% # is a string representing the current directory -
%DATE% # Current DATE -
%TIME% # Current TIME -
%RANDOM% # The value is a RANDOM integer between 0 and 32767 -
%ERRORLEVEL% # The current ERRORLEVEL value -
%CMDEXTVERSION% # Specifies the version of the current command processor extension -
%CMDCMDLINE% # Invokes the original command line of the command processor -
You can view the value of each variable with the echo command, such as echo %time% -
Note that %time% is accurate to the millisecond and can be used when batch processing needs to be delayed -
32 start -
A command that invokes an external program in batch processing, or waits for the external program to complete before continuing to execute the rest of the instructions -
33 call -
A command that calls another batch in a batch, otherwise the remaining batch instructions will not be executed -
Sometimes an application fails with a start call -
34 Choice (External command) -
Select the command -
Let the user enter a character to choose to run a different command with the return code errorLevel 1234... -
In the win98 is choice.com -
Win2000pro not, you can copy from Win98 -
Is choice in win2003. Exe -
choice /N /C y /T 5 /D y>nul -
Delay for 5 seconds -
Ftype and 35 assoc -
File associations -
Assoc sets' file extension 'association to' file type ' -
Ftype sets' file type 'association to' executor and parameter ' -
When you double-click on a.txt file, Windows doesn't just open it with Notepad.exe from.txt -
I'm going to say.txt is txtfile 'file type' -
Txtfile =%SystemRoot% system32notepad.exe %1 -
You can change these associations in folder options → File Type -
Assoc # Displays all 'file extension' associations -
Assoc. TXT # displays the 'file type' represented by.txt, and the result shows.txt=txtfile -
Assoc.doc # displays the 'file type' represented by.doc, and the result shows.doc= word.document.8 -
Exe represents the 'file type' and the result shows.exe=exefile -
Ftype # Displays all 'file type' associations -
Ftype exefile # Displays the command line associated with the exefile type. The result shows exefile="%1" %* -
assoc .txt=Word.Document.8 -
TXT as word document, you can see that the ICONS of the. TXT file have changed -
assoc .txt=txtfile -
Restore the correct association of.txt -
ftype exefile="%1" %* -
Restore the correct association of exefile -
If the association has been broken, run command.com and enter this command -
36 the pushd and popd -
Switch current directory -
@echo off -
C: & CD & md mp3 # Create an MP3 folder in C: -
Md D: mp4 # Create mp4 folder in D: mp4 -
CD /d d:mp4 # Change current directory to D :mp4 -
Pushd C :mp3 # Save the current directory and switch the current directory to C :mp3 -
Popd # restore the current directory to d:mp4 -
37 for -
Loop command -
This is more complicated, please compare for/? Come to see -
for %%i in (c: d: e: f:) do echo %%i -
Invoke each string in parentheses in turn, executing the commands following do -
Note that %% I is used in the batch for call argument with 2 % -
The default string delimiters are space, Tab, enter -
for %%i in (*.txt) do find "abc" %%i -
Execute find on all TXT files in the current directory -
for /r . %%i in (*.txt) do find "abc" %%i -
Search all.txt files in the current directory and subdirectories for lines containing the ABC string -
for /r . %%i in (.) do echo %%~pni -
Displays the current directory name and all subdirectory names, including paths but not drive letters -
for /r d:mp3 %%i in (*.mp3) do echo %%i>>d:mp3.txt -
Save the names of mp3 files in d:mp3 and their subdirectories to d:mp3.txt -
For /l %% I in (2,1,8) do echo %% I -
Generate a sequence of numbers 2345678, where 2 is the beginning of the sequence, 8 is the end, and 1 means increment by 1 each time -
for /f %%i in ('set') do echo %%i -
Loop over the output of the set command, one line per line -
for /f "eol=P" %%i in ('set') do echo %%i -
Take the output of the set command, ignoring the lines starting with P -
for /f %%i in (d:mp3.txt) do echo %%i -
Display each file name in d:mp3. TXT, one for each line, no names with Spaces supported -
for /f "delims=" %%i in (d:mp3.txt) do echo %%i -
Display each file name in d:mp3. TXT, one for each line, supporting names with Spaces -
for /f "skip=5 tokens=4" %%a in ('dir') do echo %%a -
For the result of the dir command, skip the first five lines and take the fourth column for each remaining line -
The separator between each column is the default "space" -
Notice that the first five lines of the dir command output do not have a filename -
For /f "tokens=1,2,3 delims= "%%a in ('date /t') do ( -
echo %%a -
echo %%b -
echo %%c -
) -
The output result of date /t is 1, 2, 3 columns per row -
The first column corresponds to the specified %%a, followed by %%b and %%c, which are derived for the other columns -
The delimiters are specified as - and "space", note that delims=- is followed by a "space" -
Tokens =1,2,3 Tokens =1-3 -
for /f "tokens=2* delims=- " %%a in ('date /t') do echo %%b -
Take the second column to %% A and all subsequent columns to %% B -
38 Subst (External Command) -
Mapping a disk. -
Subst z: serverd # To access serverd, type z -
Subst z: /d # Cancel the mapping -
Subst # displays all current times -
39 xcopy (External command) -
File copy -
xcopy d:mp3 e:mp3 /s/e/i/y -
Copy the D :mp3 folder, all subfolders and files to e: and overwrite the existing files -
If e: does not have an mp3 folder, it will automatically create a new one. Otherwise, there will be an inquiry link