The installation of the nginx
yum install pcre pcre-devel
cd /usr/local/src/
Wget HTTP: / / http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.4.2.tar.gz
The tar ZXVF nginx – 1.4.2. Tar. Gz
CD nginx – 1.4.2
./configure –prefix=/usr/local/nginx
make && make install
CD /ulsr/local/nginx. The following four directories are displayed
. /
. Conf Configuration file
. HTML page file
. Logs log file
. Sbin Main binary program
[root@localhost nginx]# ./sbin/nginx
Nginx: [emerg] Bind () to 0.0.0.0:80 failed (98: Address already in use)
.
Nginx: [emerg] Bind () to 0.0.0.0:80 failed (98: Address already in use)
nginx: [emerg] still could not bind()
(Sometimes apache, Nginx, etc., or more often apache shipped with the operating system and started as a service)
Nginx
|
TERM, INT |
Quick shutdown |
|
QUIT |
Graceful Shutdown Graceful shutdown process
.
That is, wait for the request to end before closing
|
|
HUP |
Configuration reload ,Start the new worker processes with a new configuration Gracefully shutdown the old worker processes Change the configuration file,
Smooth reread of configuration files
|
|
USR1 |
Reopen the log files Reopen the log
.
Log in monthly
/
Useful for daily segmentation
|
|
USR2 |
The Upgrade Executable on the fly |
|
WINCH |
Gracefully, the worker processes are disabled
(
Cooperate with
USR2
To upgrade
)
|
Kill – Signal option nginx main process number
Kill -HUP 4873
Kill – Signal control ‘cat/XXX /path/log/nginx.pid’
Kil; -USR1 `cat /xxx/path/log/nginx.pid`
Nginx configuration section
/ / the global area
Event {
// Nginx connection configuration
// How many connections can a word allow at one time
worker_connections 1024; // This means that a child process can connect up to 1024 connections.
HTTP {// This is the main segment for configuring the HTTP server
Server1 {// This is the virtual host segment
Location {// locate the Location of a particular path or file, such as the image directory, separately
} /// handle it separately, as in.php
}
Server2 {
}
}
server {
listen 80; # monitor port
server_name a.com; # monitor domain name
location / {
root /var/www/a.com; # Root location
index index.html;
}
}
server {
listen 8080;
Server_name 192.168.1.204;
location / {
root /var/www/html8080;
index index.html;
}
}
#access_log logs/host.access.log main;
What is the main format?
log_format main ‘$remote_addr – $remote_user [$time_local] “$request” ‘
# ‘$status $body_bytes_sent “$http_referer” ‘
# ‘”$http_user_agent” “$http_x_forwarded_for”‘;
The main format is that we define a log format and give it a name for easy reference.
1: Log format refers to which options are recorded
log_format main ‘$remote_addr – $remote_user [$time_local] “$request” ‘
‘$status $body_bytes_sent “$http_referer” ‘
‘”$http_user_agent” “$http_x_forwarded_for”‘;
Http-user-agent User agent/spider, the original IP address of the forwarded request
Http_x_forwarded_for: When passing through an agent, the agent adds your original IP address to this header and transfers your original IP address
2: Declare a unique log_format and name it
log_format mylog ‘$remote_addr- “$request” ‘
‘$status $body_bytes_sent “$http_referer” ‘
‘”$http_user_agent” “$http_x_forwarded_for”‘;
access_log logs/access_8080.log mylog;
#! /bin/bash
base_path=’/usr/local/nginx/logs’
log_path=$(date -d yesterday +”%Y%m”)
day=$(date -d yesterday +”%d”)
mkdir -p $base_path/$log_path
mv $base_path/access.log $base_path/$log_path/access_$day.log
#echo $base_path/$log_path/access_$day.log
kill -USR1 `cat /usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid`
Crontab Edits scheduled tasks
01 00 * * * / XXX /path/ B.Sh 00:00 every day (recommended between 02 and 04, the system load is low)
The location of grammar
Location is a location based on the Uri.
The location of the grammar
location [=|~|~*|^~] patt {
}
Location = patt {}
Location patt{} [generic matching]
Location ~ patt{} [regular match]
location = patt {
config A
}
location = / {
root /var/www/html/;
index index.htm index.html;
}
location / {
root /usr/local/nginx/html;
index index.html index.htm;
}
1: accurate match “/”, the index page is index.htm
HTM. The internal hop URI is /index.htm and the root directory is /usr/local/nginx/html
3: the final result, access to the/usr/local/nginx/HTML/index. The HTM
Re is also involved.
location / {
root /usr/local/nginx/html;
index index.html index.htm;
}
location ~ image {
root /var/www/image;
index index.html;
}
Xx.com/image/logo….
location / {
root /usr/local/nginx/html;
index index.html index.htm;
}
location /foo {
root /var/www/html;
index index.html;
}
Rewrite, rewrite
If (condition) {} sets the condition and overwrites it
Set # Set variable
Return # Returns the status code
Break out of rewrite
Rewrite # rewrite
If syntax format
If space (condition) {override mode}
1: “=” to determine equality, used for string comparison
2: “~” matches (case sensitive re)~* case insensitive re
3: -f -d -e To check whether it is a file, directory, and exists.
$remote_addr = 192.168.1.100) {
return 403;
}
if ($http_user_agent ~ MSIE) {
rewrite ^.*$ /ie.htm;
break; #(do not break loop redirection)
}
if (! -e $document_root$fastcgi_script_name) {
rewrite ^.*$ /404.html break;
}
Set is used to set variables and can be used as a marker for reaching multiple criteria.
As follows:
if ($http_user_agent ~* msie) {
set $isie 1;
}
if ($fastcgi_script_name = ie.html) {
set $isie 0;
}
if ($isie 1) {
rewrite ^.*$ ie.html;
}
Rewrite the grammar
Rewrite regular expressions redirect the position pattern
Goods-3.html —->Goods.php? goods_id=3
goods-([\d]+)\.html —> goods.php? goods_id =$1
location /ecshop {
index index.php;
rewrite goods-([\d]+)\.html$ /ecshop/goods.php? id=$1;
rewrite article-([\d]+)\.html$ /ecshop/article.php? id=$1;
rewrite category-(\d+)-b(\d+)\.html /ecshop/category.php? id=$1&brand=$2;
Rewrite the category – (\ d +) – b (\ d +) – min (\ d +) – Max (\ d +) – attr (/ \ \ d +) \. HTML/ecshop/category. PHP? id=$1&brand=$2&price_min=$3&price_max=$4&filter_attr=$5;
Rewrite the category – (\ d +) – b (\ d +) – min (\ d +) – Max (\ d +) – attr ([\ d + \]) – (\ d +) – (^ -) (+) – (+) [^ -] \. HTML/ecshop/category. PHP? id=$1&brand=$2&price_min=$3&price_max=$4&filter_attr=$5&page=$6&sort=$7&order=$8;
}
Nginx + PHP compilation
Apache typically starts PHP as a module of its own.
Therefore, PHP compiled for Apache cannot be used with Nginx.
./configure –prefix=/usr/local/fastphp \
–with-mysql=mysqlnd \
–enable-mysqlnd \
–with-gd \
–enable-gd-native-ttf \
–enable-gd-jis-conv
–enable-fpm
1:nginx+ PHP configuration is relatively simple, the core of the sentence —- forward the request information to the 9000 port PHP process, let PHP process specified directory PHP files.
location ~ \.php$ {
root html;
Fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
fastcgi_index index.php;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
include fastcgi_params;
}
1: Encounters a PHP file,
2: Locate the root directory to HTML,
3: transfer the request context to the 9000 port PHP process,
$document_root$fastcgi_scriptName $document_root$fastcgi_scriptName
Request:
Accept-Encoding:gzip,deflate,sdch
Response:
Content-Encoding:gzip
Content-Length:36093
Browser — request —-> declare that gzip or deflate compression or compress or SDCH compression is acceptable from the point of view of HTTP protocol gzip deflate sdch Server –> response — Compress content in gzip mode —-> send to browser for browsing <—– decode gzip—– Receive gzip compressed content —- Calculate the bandwidth saved:
2*10^8 * 9*10^4 bytes
2*10^8 * 9 * 10^4 * 10^-9 = 12*K*G = 18T
The bandwidth savings are staggering
Common parameters for gzip configuration
gzip on|off; Whether to enable gzip
Gzip_buffers 32 4 k | 16 # 8 k buffer (compression in memory buffer pieces? How big is each block?
Gzip_comp_level [1-9] # recommend 6 compression levels (the higher the level, the less pressure, the more wasted CPU computing resources)
Gzip_disable # Re matching UA What Uri is not gzip
Gzip_min_length 200 # The minimum length of compression to start.
Gzip_http_version | 1.1 # to compress the HTTP protocol version 1.0 (can not set up, the present is almost all 1.1 protocol)
Gzip_proxied # Set up the requester proxy server, how to cache the content
Gzip_types text/plain Application/XML
Whether gzip_vary on | off # transmission gzip compression
Because the compression rate is relatively small, such as 100->80 bytes, and compression is CPU intensive.
expires 30m;
expires 2h;
expires 30d;
(Note: The server date must be accurate. If the server date is behind the actual date, the cache may be invalid.)
The server responds to the file content with the etag tag and last_modified_since Etag,last_modified_since if the file has not changed, the server returns etag,last_modified_since
Install ngx_HTTP_upstream_consistent_hash as an example.
1: install a three-port Nginx server on the VM
2: install ecshop/discuz and do URL rewrite
3: use a server with three ports to achieve simple load balancing.
Next week’s experiment:
1: about 25-30 million pieces of enterprise name, phone number, and brief introduction
2: 4 servers, 2G/4 cores (1) 8G/ dual-core (3)
3: the target 3000 pv
Design: the server architecture diagram, including nginx/mysql/PHP/memcached distribution.
Nginx specific compression configuration
gzip on|off
Gzip_buffers 4 k | 8 k buffer (and hard disk block)
Gzip_comp_level [1-9] recommends 6
Gzip_disable regular matches such as user-agent, which are not compressed for older browsers
gzip_min_length 200
Gzip_http_version | 1.1 1.0
Gzip_types text/plain, application/ XML (each MIME must be spaced, not comma)
gzip_vary on|off
Vary:
Vary is the basis used to flag the cache.
1: If 2 people, one browser supports gzip, the other browser does not support gzip2 simultaneously request the same page, chinaCache cache compressed, or uncompressed?
2: If 1 person requests the page again, does chinaCache return the cached content after compression, or the cached content before compression?
location ~ \.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif)$ {
expires 1d;
}
location ~ \.js$ {
expires 1h;
}
304 has one more request than the above expires directive, but fewer transfers than the 200 state.
Nginx reverse proxy and load balancing forward proxy
Note: Load balancing is A solution that can be implemented by DNS polling, as shown in the following figure. The DNS server allows multiple A records for A domain name, so when users access the DNS server, they generally return A recent resolution record by region. In this way, users in different parts of the country see 163’s home page from different servers.
1: Load balancing on hardware, F5 big-IP, hardware load balancing (very expensive). Directly from the TCP/IP protocol, directly do packet transfer.
2: Software load balancing (LVS)
3: reverse proxy + load balancer
Nginx reverse proxy Settings
location ~ \.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif)$ {
Proxy_pass http://192.168.1.204:8080;
expires 1d;
}
Combination of nginx and memcached
Usage: When nginx responds to a request, it requests memcached directly. If nothing is available, it calls back to the PHP page, queries the database, and writes memcached.
Cached (k/ V); cached (key >value); cached (key >value);
/abc.php? id=3
Ngx_http_php_memcache_standard_balancer-master is used as an example to install Nginx third-party modules
1: Decompress to path/ ngx_Module
Configuration:
./configure –prefix=/xxx/xxx –add_module=/path/ngx_module
Make && make instal
Upstream memserver {declare the memcached nodes to a group
hash_key $request_uri; // The basis for the hash calculation, which is based on the URI
server localhost:11211;
server localhost:11212;
}
In the Location
location / {
# root html;
set $memcached_key $uri;
memcached_pass memserver; // memserver is the name of the memcache node above error_page 404 / writem.php;
index index.php index.html index.htm;
}
Default load balancing algorithm:
Nginx. Conf
upstream memserver {
consistent_hash $request_uri;
server localhost:11211;
server localhost:11212;
}
memcache.hash_strategy = consistent