Choose, fill in the blanks, explain nouns, synthesize (calculate, analyze) (outline), discuss

What is a facility

The tangible fixed assets required to operate a production or service system.

Land, buildings, machinery, auxiliary equipment, maintenance facilities, laboratories, warehouses, power facilities, utilities, offices, etc.

What is facility planning and design

Comprehensive consideration of relevant factors, the production system or service system to analyze, conceive, plan, demonstrate, design, make a comprehensive arrangement, so that the reasonable allocation of resources, so that the system can effectively operate, in order to achieve the expected goals.

• Target: new, modified, or expanded production or service systems
• Facility planning determines how the physical fixed assets of the operation will be used in the most effective manner to achieve the objectives of the operation. Eg:
  • Manufacturing enterprises: How can manufacturing facilities most effectively support production activities
  • Hospitals: How can hospital facilities best support patient care

What are the contents of facility planning and design

• Site selection – Site selection of facilities
• Layout design — reasonable configuration of buildings, equipment, transportation channels and sites
• Handling design — reasonable arrangement of material handling route, method, equipment and storage site
• Architectural design — The design of building structures to meet functional, spatial, economic and other needs
• Public works design — coordinated design of electricity, lighting, drainage, ventilation, etc
• Information communication design — To carry on the comprehensive design to the information communication transmission system

Stage structure of facility planning and design

• The first stage: determine the target, specify the products produced or services provided, the scale of the facility, the requirements for the facility, the location of the facility and external conditions

• The second stage: overall planning, according to clear requirements, external conditions and internal factors, the formation of the overall planning scheme. To solve the overall planning, transportation of the overall planning, the preliminary building scheme, public system trunk distribution, communication basic planning.

• The third stage: detailed planning, according to the requirements of each part of the overall plan, the preparation of detailed design of each part. Including: equipment detailed layout, detailed handling system design, detailed construction drawings, public system circuit design, communication detailed design. Decompose into subterms.

• Phase 4: includes construction, installation and preparation.

• Pre-planning stage: project proposal, site selection, feasibility study, etc. Is the main premise of planning and design

• Post-planning stage: cooperate with construction, solve the design problems of construction and installation process.

What are SLP, P, Q, R, S and T

Facility planning, analysis and design fundamentals

In the SLP proposed by Muyser, P, Q, R, S and T are regarded as the given basic elements (original data) and the basic starting point of layout design, and are called the key to solve the layout problem.

• P — Products refers to the type of system materials. Produce what?
• Q — Quantity refers to Quantity. How many are produced for each product?
• R – Routing indicates the route. How is the product made?
• S-service refers to the department that assists in production and Service processes. What supports production?
• T-time Indicates the Time when the material flows. When is it due? What is the production cycle of this product?

These five questions are answered by Program Design, Product Design and Process Design respectively, and relevant information is provided.

What product design information is required for facility planning?

What is outline design

• The program design shall specify the product scheme, production quantity and construction scale, which shall be proposed by feasibility researchers on the basis of market forecast and enterprise strategic planning and approved by the decision-making level.
• Program design has a direct impact on site selection, plant layout, etc., and facility planners must be actively involved.
• Sometimes, schematic design is based on an analysis of existing facility conditions, which requires the close cooperation of facility planners.
• For industrial projects, the task of program design is to determine the enterprise’s production program.

The relation between production program and production type? What are the production types?

The division of production type depends on the product variety and output of the enterprise, that is, depends on the production program of the enterprise.

In terms of batch production, there are three basic types of production:

• Mass production, large yield and less varieties, stable production conditions, high production repeatability.
• Batch production, less than mass production, but more varieties.
• Single production, the production of a wide variety of products, and the output of each product is not large, or even only one or a few, in a year does not repeat production or irregular repeated production.

What are the steps for site selection?

• Preparation stage: the main content of the work is to clarify the requirements of site selection targets in the early work.
• Regional selection stage:
  • Visit competent industry departments and regional planning departments, collect and understand the requirements and policies of relevant industry planning and regional planning for facility placement, report the nature of production (service), construction scale and site requirements of the facility, and ask for suggestions on site selection.
  • To carry out investigations and studies on social, economic, environmental, resource, meteorological, communications and transport conditions in selected areas and collect relevant data.
  • Conduct an analysis and comparison of alternative district options and give a preliminary opinion on a suitable district.
• Site selection stage: a site selection team is formed to conduct investigation and survey of several alternative sites in the preliminary identified area.
• Report preparation stage:
  • Organize the investigation and data collected.
  • According to the results of technical and economic comparison and statistical analysis, the comprehensive bridge material is prepared, and the facility location map and preliminary general layout plan of the selected site are drawn.
  • Prepare site selection reports, evaluate and demonstrate the selected sites for the approval of decision-making departments.

The layout of production facilities, and the characteristics of various layout forms (briefly describe the basic types of manufacturing facilities layout and its application scope).

• Fixed layout: it is mainly engineering projects and large-scale product production used a form of layout. Its processing object location, production workers and equipment are transferred with a certain location of the processing product. The reason to fix, because the processing object is large and heavy, not easy to move, such as engineering construction, aircraft factories, shipyards, heavy machinery factories, etc.
  

  

• Product principle arrangement: also known as assembly line arrangement or object principle arrangement. When the product is producedSmall variety,Big batchThe equipment shall be configured according to the processing process sequence of the product to form the assembly line or assembly line layout. The basis of product principle arrangement is standardization and division of work.
  

  

• Process principle layout: also known as functional layout, machine group layout. A group of facilities with the same or similar functions. Common in varieties, yield is not high occasions.
  

  

• Mixed arrangement: group principle: process principle arrangement and product principle arrangement represent the two extremes from small batch production to continuous mass production, while group unit arrangement is a compromise. Due to the diversification of customer demand, the mode of multi-variety and less batch production has become the mainstream of current production. Group technology is adapted to this need and developed.
  

  

What is the SLP program mode?

SLP (system layout design), SLP is a kind of organization is very strong, not only suitable for all kinds of size or type of factory building, expanding or rebuilding the facilities or equipment in the arrangement or adjustment, is suitable for manufacturing of office and lab, the layout of warehouse design, at the same time, also can be used in the hospital, shop layout design of services.

What is p-Q analysis and what does p-Q analysis do?

P-q analysis is to answer what kind of production mode is adopted, and thus what kind of basic layout is adopted.

The results of P-Q analysis are not only the basis of determining the mode of production and layout, but also the basis of dividing the operating units. The machine equipment of different production mode and arrangement form namely, separate configuration is inside different area.

What is the content of logistics analysis

Logistics analysis is the second step of SLP, which has a great impact on the following departments.

Material flow analysis, referred to as logistics analysis, is to determine the most efficient order of material movement between each necessary process in the production process and the intensity and amount of movement.

• Logistics analysis helps designers select the most efficient machinery, facilities, units of work, and department layouts.
• In the logistics analysis to verify that the process route is correct, reasonable, check whether can cancel, merge, change the order, location or personnel and improve details.

Two minimum principles: minimum distance and minimum logistics cost. Two principles of avoidance: avoid detour and avoid crossing.

What are the logistics analysis methods?

• Process flow diagram: in mass production, very few varieties of products, with a standard symbol map the process visually reflect the factory details, at this point, the analysis of logistics in process map indicating the through put between each working procedure, can clearly show the factory in the process of production materials handling.
• Multi-product process table: in the case of multiple varieties and large batch, such as product varieties of 10 or so, the production process of each product is summarized in a table, forming a variety of product process, table in this table on the product process line parallel drawing, can reflect the logistics of each product way.
• Group technology: when dozens of product varieties, if the production type is small and medium-sized batch production, logistics analysis, it is necessary to adopt group method, that is, according to the similarity of product structure and process classification and grouping, and then use process diagram for logistics analysis of each type of products; Or use multi-product process table to represent the production process of each group of products, and then do further logistics analysis.
• From to the table: when the product variety, production is small and the number of parts and material and is very big, can use a matrix to represent the direction of movement of materials and the through put between operation department, said matrix rows in the table of source material movement, called from the column represents the material move destination, called to the ranks of intersection from source to destination through put.

What is an operation unit integrated correlation diagram?

A correlation diagram that combines logistics and non-logistics relationships

To determine the relative importance of the two relationships, the importance is expressed by the ratio M :n, generally should not exceed 1:3 to 3:1. If the ratio is greater than 3:1, it means that logistics is dominant, and only logistics can be considered in facility layout. When the ratio is less than 1:3, it indicates that the impact of logistics is very small, and only non-logistics relationship can be considered. In practice, the ratio can be 3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, or 1:3 according to their relative importance. With this ratio and the two graphs, each degree of closeness in the graphs is quantified.

Then use the following formula to calculate the degree of correlation between the two units I and J

Among themAnd NR_{ij} are logistic and non-logistic relational levels respectively. Then you can press itIs used to classify the comprehensive grade.

What is a unit location correlation diagram? How to get the unit location correlation map?

In SLP, the facility layout does not directly consider the occupation area and geometric shape of each operating unit, but arranges the relative position of each operating unit based on the closeness of the relationship between the operating units. The operating units with a close relationship and a high level are close to each other, while those with a low level are far away.

The concept of comprehensive proximity is introduced, that is, the comprehensive proximity of an operating unit is equal to the sum of the quantified closeness levels between the operating unit and all other operating units. The value of comprehensive proximity reflects whether the unit should be located at the center or at the edge of the layout.

How to calculate comprehensive proximity: Transform the unit comprehensive correlation table into a triangular matrix similar to the from to table, and then quantify the relationship level.

In the SLP proposed by Muyser, linear graphs are used to “trial and error” to generate planar position correlation graphs.

• Its method is to use four equal line segments to represent the a-level relationship between two operating units; Three equality lines represent e-class relationships; Two grade I; One grade O; U level is not connected; The X level is represented by a broken line.
• First of all, the operation units of grade A and E relationship are put into the layout drawing, and those of the same level are represented by line segments of the same length. Grade A line segment is the shortest, so take A unit, and the length of Grade E is twice that of Grade A, and so on.
• Level I relationships are then arranged according to the same rules. If there are more operating units and line segments are chaotic, o-level relations can not be drawn, but X-level relations must be drawn.
• Adjust the position of departments to meet the degree of familiarity.
  

  

  

How to get the unit area correlation map?

The area correlation diagram mainly considers two questions:

• Summarize the unit area requirements and determine the basic shape of the building according to the site requirements
• In this shape according to the area requirements of each operating unit to allocate, combined with the above position correlation diagram, block layout.

The layout scheme can be obtained on the basis of area correlation diagram.

Material handling concept

Material handling refers to activities carried out in the same place to change the storage state of materials (loading and unloading in a narrow sense) and space position (handling in a narrow sense) for the main purpose. That is, the activities of loading, unloading and moving materials, products, parts or other items, such as loading and unloading, moving, sorting, stacking, tallying and picking up goods are all material handling activities.

What is the material activity coefficient

It is also an important index of logistics analysis to measure the difficulty of material handling by material activity coefficient.

When handling materials at rest, consider the manual work necessary for the handling operation. The ease of material handling is called activity and is measured by activity coefficient. The more labor required, the lower the activity; Conversely, the less labor required, the higher the activity.

What is the unitization and standardization of material handling

• Unitary is the different state and size of the items, set into a handling unit, easy handling operations. Also called lumped unit or unit load, it is the most important concept in material handling. Collecting units can be pallets, boxes, bags, tubes and containers, among which pallets and containers are the most widely used.
• Standardization refers to the size of goods packaging and packing units (such as pallet size, package box size, etc.) to meet a certain standard modulus, warehouse shelves, transport vehicles, handling machinery to determine their main performance parameters according to the standard modulus. Standardization involves logistics basic module and logistics module size.

After the implementation of the material unit changed the material release state, improve the handling activity index, easy to handle, but also changed the stacking conditions, can better use the warehouse area and space.

Standardization can make reasonable and full use of handling equipment and facilities, improve productivity and economic benefits.

Logistics module, logistics basic module, and the relationship between them

Logistics module: on the premise of meeting the basic module of 600X400, it can meet the coordination between the size of logistics goods and the loading size of transport vehicles according to the requirements of unitized logistics packaging size, so as to ensure the maximum volume utilization rate of transport vehicles and improve logistics efficiency.

Logistics foundation module size is the basis of standardization, and its role is roughly the same as that of building module size, and its consideration is mainly based on simplification

Material handling system composition (equipment, containers and route structure)

The equipment, container and route structure together make up the material handling system.

• The equipment determines the route is fixed or changed, such as conveyor belt is fixed route type equipment; Forklifts are variable route equipment that can go from one place to another as long as there is access.
• Route structure is divided into direct type and indirect type, which is divided into channel type and center type.
• Containers contain and protect products.
  • Large containers can be used to meet the production capacity of the equipment, which usually requires a direct route, such as a pallet truck forklift.
  • Small containers can not meet the needs of the production capacity of the equipment, the use of channel and center indirect routes.
• The properties of equipment and container in material handling system depend on the characteristics of material and the type of flow.

The SHA approach includes phase composition and program patterns

SHA method, handling system analysis.

SHA phase structure

• The first stage is external cohesion
  • This stage is to clarify the entire area or the analysis of the area of all materials in and out of the movement activities.
  • Before this, it is necessary to consider the material handling activities outside the analysis area, that is, the specific material handling problems in the area with the external situation or external conditions.
• The second stage, the preparation of the overall handling plan
  • This stage determines the method of material handling between the main areas.
  • Make overall decisions on the basic routing system for material handling, the general type of handling equipment, and transportation units or containers.
• The third stage, the preparation of detailed handling scheme
  • This phase considers material handling between work sites within each major area and determines detailed material handling methods.
  • For example, the specific routing systems, equipment and containers used between duty stations,
  • If the second stage is to analyze the material handling problems among workshops or plants within the plant, then the third stage is to analyze the material handling problems from a specific station to another station or from one equipment to another equipment.
• The fourth stage is the implementation of the program.
  • No plan is complete until it is implemented.
  • This stage should carry out the necessary preparation work, order equipment, complete personnel training, develop and implement the installation plan of specific handling facilities, and the implementation and management behind.
• The four stages mentioned above proceed in chronological order. But for best results, the stages should overlap in time. The preparation of overall scheme and detailed scheme is the main task of logistics system planners and designers.
  

  

Margarita number

Mag number: A unit of measure designed to measure the transportability of various materials and used to measure the ease of handling of materials. Mag number is suitable for handling materials with similar characteristics.

Standard 1 Mag: A dry wooden block, 555 cubic centimeters in volume, that can be easily held by hand.

Calculation method of Mag number:

• First, the basic value is calculated according to the size of the material’s geometric size:
  • Calculate the volume of material. When measuring volume, use external profile dimensions and do not subtract internal holes or irregular profiles.
  • Refer to Figure 4-1 and get the basic value A of Mag number. Figure 4-1 shows the corresponding relationship between partial volume and basic value of Mag number. The curve reflects the relationship between the volume and the fundamental value. The larger the material volume is, the easier it is to transport unit volume and the slower the change of Mag curve.
    

    

• According to the above table, determine the correction parameters.
• Calculate the Mag number. According to the formula, the Mag number M can be obtained:

Where: A – basic value; B, density; C – shape; D — Risk degree of injury; E — state (chemical state, physical state); F — Value factor, if not considered, F=0.

Movement analysis method

• Process analysis. Observe only one kind of material at a time, and follow it along the whole production process to collect information, if necessary to follow the whole process from the raw material to the finished product warehouse, and then prepare a flow chart, when the material variety is small or single, often use this method.
  

  

• Start and end analysis. There are two different approaches to start-end analysis. One is transport route analysis, the other is regional access analysis.
  • Transport route analysis. Collect data by observing the starting and ending points of each movement and compile a list of moving routes. Analyze one route at a time and collect information about all kinds of materials or products moving along the route.
  • Area in and out analysis. Observe one area at a time, collect the data of all materials carried in and out of this area, and prepare a material entry and exit table for each area, as shown in the following table.

Principles for selecting materials handling equipment

Principles for selecting materials handling equipment. At this time to determine the type of equipment according to the distance and material flow indication. We generally divide the equipment into four categories, and select them by integrating two indicators: distance and material flow.

When equipment is classified according to technology or specific performance, it can be divided into cranes, conveyors, trackless handling vehicles and rail handling equipment.

Simple handling equipment: such as two wheelbarrow, complex handling equipment: such as narrow channel with fixture forklift; Simple transport equipment: such as motor trucks, complex transport equipment: such as electronically controlled driverless vehicles AGV.

Relationship between SLP and SHA

SLP: System layout design SHA: transportation system analysis

Correlation:

• Both of them have the same goal, and their starting point is to make every effort to rationalize logistics
  • SLP focuses on the rational planning of space to make the shortest logistics route, and the layout is reasonable, so as to reduce the crossing, circuitous and reciprocating phenomenon of logistics route as much as possible.
  • SHA focuses on the rationalization of handling methods and means, that is, according to the physical characteristics of the material to be moved, the number of moving distance, speed and frequency, determine the reasonable handling methods, select the appropriate handling equipment, so that the comprehensive indicators of the handling system to achieve the optimal
• SLP and SHA are mutually restrictive and complementary.
  • Good facilities layout and reasonable material handling system can ensure the realization of logistics rationalization. Facilities must be designed with material handling system requirements in mind.
    • If the conveyor belt is used as the main means of material handling, all kinds of facilities should be linear distribution according to the direction of the conveyor belt;
    • If forklifts are used, adequate access and working space should be considered.
  • In facility layout design, if sufficient attention is not paid to temporary storage, intermediate storage and finished product packaging operation site in material handling system, it may cause the phenomenon of material congestion and chaos in production system after production.
  • In a word, facility layout design is the premise of material handling system design, and the former can only show its rationality through improving the handling system. Therefore, facility layout design and material handling system design are a pair of partners.

What are the main loading and unloading machinery?

According to the operation characteristics of loading, unloading and handling machinery, it can be divided into four categories.

• Lifting machinery. Crane, lift and light and small lifting equipment (hoist, winch).
• Conveying machinery. Conveyors with traction members, conveyors without traction members (screw, roller, pneumatic conveying device)
• Industrial vehicles. And car, tractor, single bucket loader, etc.
• Special machinery. Dumper, stacker and reclaimer, stacker, sorter, etc.

Automatic solid warehouse (AS/RS)

Automated Storage and Retrieval System (AS/RS) is a System for storing and retrieving materials by means of mechanical facilities and computer management and control System. (– 2007 National Standards)

Characteristics of automated warehouse

Advantages:

• Greatly improve the unit area utilization rate of the warehouse
• Improved labor productivity and reduced labor intensity
• Reduced errors in cargo handling and information processing
• Carry out inventory control reasonably and effectively
• It can better meet the needs of special storage environment
• Improve the quality of operation, ensure the safe operation of goods in the whole storage process
• It is convenient to realize the overall optimization of the system.

Disadvantages:

• Complex structure, supporting equipment, the need for infrastructure and equipment investment is very large
• Shelf installation precision requirements are high, construction is more difficult, and the construction cycle is long
• The variety of stored goods is limited to a certain extent, and different types of shelves are only suitable for different storage items. Therefore, once the automated warehouse is built, it is difficult to update the system.

Types of automated warehouse

According to the relationship between high-rise shelves and buildings:

• Integral. Shelves in addition to storing goods, but also as the support structure of the warehouse building, is a part of the warehouse building, that is, shelves and buildings form a whole. This form of warehouse construction cost is low, seismic, especially suitable for large automatic warehouses over 15 meters.
  

  

• Separate. The shelves are independent of the building. Suitable for workshop warehouse, old warehouse technical transformation and small and medium-sized automatic warehouse.
  

  

According to the structure of the shelf

• Unit format automated warehouse
  

  

• Through-through automatic stereoscopic warehouse (gravity/shuttle trolley)
  

  

• Mobile shelf automated warehouse
  

  

• Rotary automatic warehouse
  

  

According to the storage conditions provided by the warehouse

• Normal temperature automatic three-dimensional warehouse: generally controlled at 5℃ ~ 40℃, relative humidity control below 90%.
• Low temperature automatic stereoscopic warehouse: low temperature automatic stereoscopic warehouse also includes constant temperature, refrigeration and frozen automatic warehouse.
  • Constant temperature warehouse: automatically adjust storage temperature and humidity according to the characteristics of goods.
  • Refrigerated warehouse: the temperature is generally controlled between 0 ° C and 5 ° C, mainly used for the storage of vegetables and fruits, requiring high humidity.
  • Frozen warehouse: The temperature is generally controlled between -2 ° C and -35 ° C.
• Explosion-proof automatic three-dimensional warehouse: mainly to store inflammable and explosive and other dangerous goods, system design should be strictly in accordance with the requirements of explosion-proof.

What are the computerized layout methods?

quiz

In the form of flow chart, the process of overall zoning in system layout design is described.

Describe the steps and main contents of site selection.

Site selection for large industrial facilities is usually divided into three stages: preparation stage, area selection stage and site-specific selection stage.

• The main work in the preparatory stage is to put forward the requirements for site selection targets and the technical and economic indicators needed.
• Regional selection stage mainly collects data for investigation and research, analyzes and compares candidate regions, and puts forward preliminary opinions on regional selection.
• In the specific site selection stage, it is necessary to carry out in-depth investigation and survey of several candidate sites in the region, consult the local meteorological, geological and other departments of historical statistics, collect various local economic data, and put forward several candidate sites after research and comparison.

Describe the process of material handling system design in the form of flow chart.

What information does the moving activity schedule contain?

• List all routes and indicate the direction, distance and details of each route;
• List all material classes;
• List the movements (movement of each type of material along each route), including: material flow (tons per hour, pieces per week, etc.); Transport workload (tons per week, pounds per day, feet per day, etc.); The details of the handling activities (no.); The relative importance level of each carrying activity (marked with vowels or colors, or both).
• List the routes, including: total cargo flow and cargo flow of each type of material; The total transport workload and the transport workload of each type of material; The relative importance level of each route (marked with vowels or colors, or both).
• List each type of material, including: total material flow and material flow per route; The total volume of transport and the volume of transport on each route; The relative importance level of each type of material (marked with vowels or colors, or both).
• In the overall handling analysis, the total volume of freight and the total amount of transportation is placed in the lower right hand corner.
• Other information, such as the specific number of pieces in each shipment.