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A Brief history of the Internet (2) From ARPANET to Internet

ARPANET made its public debut

ARPANET made its public debut in October 1972. At the first International Conference on Computing and Communications in Washington, ARPA scientists demonstrated the system by linking computers from 40 different locations.

ARPANET development

At the same time, scientists at the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) are improving the system and expanding its capabilities.

  • In 1972, they successfully introduced a new program, what we now call E-mail, that allowed messages to be sent over the Internet, allowing direct communication between people.

  • Also in the early 1970s, scientists developed the host-to-host protocol. Previously, the system allowed only one “remote terminal” to access files from each individual host. The new protocol allows programs to access the host (effectively merging two hosts into one during the connection).

  • In 1974, ARPA scientists worked closely with experts at Stanford University to develop a “common language” that enabled different networks to communicate with each other. This is called Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).

    The development of TCP/IP marks a key stage in the development of the network. Now TCP/IP is still the most widely used protocol, and its layered and decoupled design is its vitality.

Various NET “a hundred schools of Thought”

As mentioned earlier, ARPANET’s public debut inspired further research on the Internet in scientific circles throughout the Western world. Soon other networks appeared. At this stage, the various networks come up with their own technologies and protocols. The Washington conference also established an Internetworking Working Group (IWG) to coordinate ongoing research. Such as:

  • In 1974, Stanford University launched Telenet, the first publicly accessible public “packet data service” (the commercial version of ARPANET).
  • In the 1970s, the US Department of Energy established MFENet for researchers working on magnetic fusion energy, which led to HEPNet, dedicated to high-energy physics. This inspired NASA physicists to establish SPAN, a space physicist.
  • In 1976, AT&T Bell LABS developed a UNIX-to-UNIX protocol and distributed it free to all computer users using Unix (since Unix was the primary operating system used by universities, it opened the web to academia).
  • Founded in 1979 by Usenet, an open system focused on email communication and dedicated to “newsgroups” is still thriving today.
  • In 1981, The City University of New York developed Bitnet to connect scientists at universities across the Eastern United States, using IBM computers regardless of discipline.
  • Funded by the National Science Foundation, CSNet promotes communication among computer scientists at universities, industry and government.
  • In 1982, a European version of the Unix network Eunet was established, connecting networks in Britain, Scandinavia, and the Netherlands.
  • A European version of Bitnet was created in 1984, called EARN(European Academic and Research Network).

During this period, the world was still quite chaotic, with a plethora of competing technologies and protocols. ARPANET remains the backbone of the system.

TCP/IP rules the world

Although 1974 marked the beginning of the TCP/IP protocol, it took several years of modification and redesign before it became competitive and widely adopted. In the mid-1970s, for example, a simplified version had been designed that could be incorporated into new microcomputers being developed. The second design challenge was to develop a version of the software that was compatible with every computer network, including ARPANET itself.

Finally, in 1982, TCP/IP unified the world and became the standard, and the Internet using THE TCP/IP standard was born!

Next time, we will cover: from Internet to WWW, from Internet to World Wide Web. Stay tuned

Reference connection:

‌[1] Chapter Two: From ARPANET to World Wide Web ,

[2] A brief history of the Origin and development of the Internet

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This article is published by OpenWrite!