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preface
Linux series, mainly learning in the work of the necessary Linux command and shell programming, only involving common commands and parameters. If you’re not familiar with Linux, or if you want to learn more about Linux, you can click here. This article begins by learning about commands related to file manipulation.
cd
The command format
CD catalogueCopy the code
Command description
- Switch the current working directory of the user.
The sample
CD # go to user home directory; CD ~ # Go to the user's home directory. cd .. # return to the parent directory (if the current directory is "/", then the parent directory is" /"; .." Upper level directory); cd .. /.. # return two levels of directory;Copy the code
ls
The command format
Ls option directoryCopy the code
Command description
ls
List, short for list, is used to display a list of targets and is a popular command in Linux.
Commonly used options
- -a: Displays all files, including hidden files
- -l: Displays detailed information
- -h: displays the file size in the format of B, K, and M
- -i: Displays the Linux ID for each file
- -t: sorts by time
- -d: displays directory properties
The sample
#Use multiple commands in combination
[root@VM-0-5-centos redis-6.2.4]# ls -alhit
总用量 348K
131900 drwxrwxr-x 3 root root 12K 9月 20 11:14 src
131082 drwxrwxr-x 7 root root 4.0K 6月 19 14:16 .
132726 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 92K 6月 19 14:15 my.conf
131140 drwxrwxr-x 7 root root 4.0K 6月 19 14:04 deps
131117 -rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 28K 6月 1 22:03 00-RELEASENOTES
131120 -rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 51 6月 1 22:03 BUGS
131123 -rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 5.0K 6月 1 22:03 CONDUCT
131126 -rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 3.4K 6月 1 22:03 CONTRIBUTING
131129 -rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 1.5K 6月 1 22:03 COPYING
#Use -d to print directory properties instead of listing the files in them[root@VM-0-5-centos redis-6.2.4]# ls-lhd /opt drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 4.0k 6月 19 14:03 /optCopy the code
The second column of the command output contains the string “-rw-r–r–“, which describes the permissions on the file, as shown in the following figure:
The first character indicates the file type: ‘-‘ indicates the binary file, ‘d’ indicates the directory, and ‘L’ indicates the soft link file
The following three groups indicate the permissions of the owner, owning group, and other users: R indicates that the file can be read, W indicates that the file can be written, and x indicates that the file can be executed
mkdir
The command format
Mkdir Option directoryCopy the code
Command description
-
To create a directory
Commonly used options
- -m: sets the directory permission when creating a directory
- -p: if the upper-layer directory to be created has not been created, the system will create the upper-layer directory together.
The sample
[root@VM-0-5-centos /]# cd home
[root@VM-0-5-centos home]# ls
#-p to create a parent directory
[root@VM-0-5-centos home]# mkdir -p hello/world
[root@VM-0-5-centos home]# ls
hello
#-m: specifies the permission when creating a vm[root@VM-0-5-centos home]# mkdir -m 700 test [root@VM-0-5-centos home]# ls -l total amount 8 drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 9月 20 12:06 Hello DRWX ------ 2 root root 4096 September 20 12:07 testCopy the code
rmdir
The command format
Rmdir option directoryCopy the code
Command description
-
Deleting an Empty Directory
Commonly used options
- -p: Deletes a specified directory and deletes the upper – layer directory of the directory if it becomes empty.
The sample
[root@VM-0-5-centos home]# ls
hello test
#Use the -p argument to delete an empty directory
[root@VM-0-5-centos home]# rmdir -p hello/world/
[root@VM-0-5-centos home]# ls
test
Copy the code
touch
The command format
Touch options fileCopy the code
Command description
Create a new empty file
The sample
[root@VM-0-5-centos home]# touch a.txt
[root@VM-0-5-centos home]# ls
a.txt hello test
Copy the code
rm
The command format
Rm Options fileCopy the code
Command description
Delete a file or directory
Commonly used options
- -f: Deletes the vm forcibly without prompting whether to confirm the deletion
- -r: indicates recursive deletion, used when deleting a directory
- -i: Ask the user before deleting an existing file or directory
Use the rm command with caution because it cannot be retrieved after being deleted
The sample
[root@VM-0-5-centos home]# rm test2.txt rm: Check whether to delete the plain empty file "test2.txt". y [root@VM-0-5-centos home]#Copy the code
cp
The command format
Cp Option Source file or directory Destination file or directoryCopy the code
Command description
- Copy a source file or directory to a destination file or directory
Commonly used options
- -r Is used to replicate directories for recursive replication
- -p Retain the original file attributes
The sample
#1. If the -p parameter is not used, you can see that the creation time of files in the two folders is different[root@VM-0-5-centos home]# touch test1.txt [root@VM-0-5-centos home]# touch test2.txt [root@VM-0-5-centos home]# mkdir Hello [root@VM-0-5-centos home]# ls -l total 4 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 9月 20 12:31 hello -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 09 月 TXT -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 9月 20 12:29 test2.txt
#Wait a minute before copying[root@VM-0-5-centos home]# cp test1.txt test2.txt hello [root@VM-0-5-centos home]# ls -l hello/ total amount 0 -rw-r--r-- 1 root TXT -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 September 20 12:31 test2.txt
#2. If -p is used, the file attributes are retained[root@VM-0-5-centos home]# mkdir test [root@VM-0-5-centos home]# cp -p test1.txt test2.txt test [root@VM-0-5-centos -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 9月 20 12:29 test1.txt -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 9月 20 12:29 test2.txt -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 9月 20 12:29 test2.txt
#3. Run -r to copy the directory
[root@VM-0-5-centos home]# cp -r test hello/
[root@VM-0-5-centos home]# ls hello/
test test1.txt test2.txt
Copy the code
mv
The command format
Mv Source file or directory Target file or directoryCopy the code
Command description
Move the file or rename it
The sample
#rename
[root@VM-0-5-centos home]# mv test1.txt test3.txt
#Move the file to another folder
[root@VM-0-5-centos home]# mv test3.txt hello/
Copy the code
cat
The command format
Cat option fileCopy the code
Command description
Display file contents
Commonly used options
- -n Displays the line number
The sample
[root@VM-0-5-centos home]# cat -n /etc/issue
1 \S
2 Kernel \r on an \m
3
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tac
The command format
Tac Options fileCopy the code
Command description
In contrast to CAT, file contents are displayed in reverse
The sample
[root@VM-0-5-centos home]# tac /etc/issue
Kernel \r on an \m
\S
Copy the code
more
The command format
More filenameCopy the code
Command description
Display file contents in pages
operation
You can perform the following operations on the view page:
- Space or F: Scroll down
- B: Turn the page up
- Enter: a newline
- Q or Q: Exit
The sample
[root@VM-0-5-centos home]# more /etc/services
Copy the code
less
The command format
Less filenameCopy the code
Command description
Similar to more, less can search for keywords and is more powerful than MORE
operation
You can perform the following operations on the view page:
- Space or F: Scroll down
- B: Turn the page up
- Up and down keys: newline
- Enter: a newline
- Q or Q: Exit
- Enter “/ content “to search for content and press
n
Find the next one (n for next)
The sample
[root@VM-0-5-centos home]# less /etc/services
Copy the code
head
The command format
Head option file nameCopy the code
Command description
The first few lines of the file are displayed. By default, the first 10 lines are displayed
Commonly used options
-n: Specifies the number of lines to be displayed
The sample
[root@VM-0-5-centos home]# head -n 5 /etc/services
# /etc/services:
# $Id: services,v 1.55 2013/04/14 ovasik Exp $
#
# Network services, Internet style
# IANA services version: last updated 2013-04-10
Copy the code
tail
The command format
Tail Option file nameCopy the code
Command description
Displays the last few lines of the file. The last 10 lines are displayed by default
Commonly used options
- -n: Specifies the number of lines to be displayed
- -f: dynamically displays the file content (does not exit the command and listens for new data. When new data is added to the file, it will be automatically printed out and press Control + C to exit).
The sample
[root@VM-0-5-centos home]# tail -f /var/log/messages
Copy the code
conclusion
This article introduces Linux file manipulation commands, including:
- Create or delete files
- Create and view files
- Copy and cut files
More and more
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